The Diverse World of Antarctic and Arctic Seals

Seals belong to the group of animals called pinnipeds (which also includes walruses and sea lions, though the latter are absent from Antarctica). They thrive in the nutrient-rich waters of the polar regions, which demonstrates their extraordinary adaptation to extreme weather conditions. This adaptability is evident in the distinct physical characteristics and behaviors of different seal species. Here are some of the most common seals seen in the Arctic and Antarctica.

Antarctic Seals

Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophaga)

These abundant seals primarily feed on krill, using specialized teeth to filter seawater. They are pale in color, have long bodies and snouts, and can weigh up to 500 pounds, living up to 40 years. Their populations are incredibly vast, making them potentially the most abundant large mammal in the world (excluding humans). Found throughout the Antarctic pack ice; sightings are more common during the austral summer (November-March).

Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina)

These giants are the largest pinnipeds, with males reaching over 20 feet long and 9,000 pounds. They are renowned for their impressive mating displays and large haul-outs (gathering on beaches). Pups, called weaners, are endearingly large-eyed and sausage-shaped. Males develop a distinctive trunk-like nose. Breeding colonies are found on subantarctic islands (e.g., South Georgia, Macquarie Island) and Antarctic mainland; best viewing during breeding season (October-December) and molting season (November-January).

Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)

Master divers adapted to life under the Antarctic ice, they can remain submerged for over 45 minutes, reaching depths of 600 meters to hunt krill, squid, and fish. They are recognizable by their small heads and dark backs with lighter undersides, and are the southernmost breeding mammals in the world. Found along the Antarctic coast, often near areas with sea ice; sightings are possible year-round, but best during the austral summer.

Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella)

The only eared seal found in Antarctica, this species was nearly hunted to extinction in the 18th and 19th centuries. Now protected, they thrive, with adult males being much larger and darker brown than the smaller, paler females. Leucistic (lacking pigment) individuals are occasionally seen. Millions gather annually in South Georgia. Primarily found on subantarctic islands (e.g., South Georgia, Falkland Islands); best viewing during breeding season (October-January).

Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)

These apex predators are known for their ferocious hunting ability and spotted coats.  Slender and powerful, they have long canine teeth and a diverse diet including fish, squid, krill, penguins, and even other seals. They are also known for their underwater vocalizations, with males singing for several hours daily. Found throughout Antarctic waters, particularly near the Antarctic Peninsula and pack ice; sightings are more common during the austral summer and along ice edges.

Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii)

Elusive inhabitants of the remote pack ice, they are among the least-studied large mammals. Relatively small, their coloration is variable, often featuring beautiful silvery fur and elegant black streaks. Their small, needle-like teeth suggest a diet of deep-sea fish. Found in the pack ice of the Southern Ocean; sightings are infrequent and unpredictable.

Arctic Seals

Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus)

Known for their distinctive white coats as pups, they are strong swimmers and can remain submerged for up to 15 minutes. Found in the North Atlantic, including areas around Greenland, Canada, and Iceland; pupping occurs on drifting ice floes in late winter and early spring.

Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata)

Possessing inflatable hoods on their heads, these seals are more aggressive than many other Arctic species. Found in the North Atlantic, particularly around Greenland, Canada, and Iceland; often found near ice edges.

Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata)

Unique in their two-toned coat and swimming style, alternating the use of their front flippers. Found in the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas; often seen in the Bering Sea and along the coastlines of Russia and Alaska.

Spotted Seal (Phoca largha)

Identified by their light gray to silver fur with dark spots, they are deep divers in pursuit of prey. Found in the North Pacific Ocean, including the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and along the coasts of Russia, Alaska, and Canada.

Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus)

These seals have prominent white whiskers and are solitary, with unique vocalizations. Found in the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas; sightings can be challenging due to their solitary nature.

Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida)

The most common Arctic seal, featuring a dark gray coat with distinctive light rings. They are smaller than other Arctic seal species. Found throughout the Arctic Ocean, including the Arctic pack ice and coastlines; often seen in areas with sea ice.

Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)

While more common in temperate waters, they are also found in Arctic regions, particularly Svalbard and Greenland. Found in coastal areas of Svalbard and Greenland; can be spotted year-round.

It’s important to enjoy observing seals from a distance, to ensure that their natural behavior and habitat remain undisturbed. Remember to maintain a respectful distance, especially during breeding seasons when seals seek isolated areas to protect their pups. By prioritizing their well-being, you can have a rewarding experience while respecting these magnificent creatures and their environment.

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